(originally published at www.Achieve3000.com)
What we know about learning (what we’ve known at least since
the National Research Council’s, How People Learn) is that when information is
contextualized, it is understood and remembered better. We can memorize lists
of discrete things, like vocabulary words, multiplication tables, or rules of
grammar, but to truly understand those things, they need to
relate and connect to each other and form a larger schema, or concept, in our
minds. We can memorize disconnected words, but we only make new words part of
our daily vocabulary when we use them in a variety of sentences.
If you make a habit of reading challenging stories and
essays, do you need to memorize lists to grow your vocabulary? Probably
not—it’s how literate people have expanded their vocabularies for centuries.
The same is true for the rules of grammar. A good reader
intuitively understands how words work together, how sentences form, and how
punctuation works. She might not be able to tell you precisely what a comma
splice is or why dangling modifiers are confusing, but she may know enough,
instinctively, to avoid those errors in her own writing—especially if her daily
reading material is more sophisticated than a Cat in the Hat book.
Children in ye olden days who learned how to read using the King James Bible
became adults who learned how to write things like the Gettysburg Address, or I
Have a Dream.
Reading Intervention Programs Can Limit Exposure to
Complex Texts
If we limit exposure to complex text for young readers, we
may be restricting (for years!) their access to sophisticated vocabulary,
grammar, and sentence construction, a problem schools try to mitigate through
direct instruction of vocabulary lists and grammar rules. We end up teaching
things disconnected from any context, which leads students—and the adults they
grow into—to ask questions like, “Why does grammar matter?”
Some reading intervention programs limit exposure to complex
text by placing students into reading levels based on test scores or allowing
students to choose a comfortable reading level for themselves. This may work
well for students who are intrinsically motivated to excel if they
are given opportunities to accelerate into more challenging levels (opportunities
such as monthly Lexile adjustments). For many students, however, leveled
reading can become a jail cell of old-fashioned “tracking,” where some students
are challenged, and other students are simply...managed. Students who are kept
at lower reading levels will have limited access to complex sentence structure,
rich metaphor, and artfully crafted thought. The issue here is not the rules of
grammar but the uses of grammar.
Grammar matters because meaning matters, and grammar is the
tool we use to construct that meaning. Grammar matters especially in written
language, because in person we can always make up for muddiness with facial
expression and body language. In print, every bit of meaning has to be conveyed
through how words work together on the page. In print, there’s a world of
difference between “Let’s eat, Grandma” and “Let’s eat Grandma.” In print, you
need to be careful about when to use “there,” “their,” and “they’re.” In
speaking, or texting, a more common form of communication for young people, not
so much.
A Lack of Foundational Literacy Resources for Secondary
Students
Every little drift from what is correct is like a tiny
smudge or inky thumbprint on a photograph. One mistake won’t ruin the picture,
but a whole series of them will obscure the image entirely. We write because we
want to make ourselves understood—to persuade, to entice, to explain, to
insist. If we decide that grammar doesn’t matter, we’ve decided that the burden
of understanding should fall on the shoulders of the reader, not the writer.
The reader should care so much about what we’re trying to say
that they should work extra hard to make sense of what we’ve written. That’s
just an unreasonable expectation. You want someone to care about what you’re
trying to say? Make an effort to say it well.
Direct instruction should be provided in very targeted,
bite-sized chunks, to be delivered as needed, when needed--and why we
immediately connect that instruction to engaging reading material in which
students will see examples of the grammar concept or rule. If students don’t
see grammar work as helping them read better and write better (understand
better and communicate better), it becomes just another assignment to complete.
Reading Intervention Programs Must Work for Teachers
There is a time for teaching the proper names of things—for
making sure students know what a phrase is, what a clause is, when to use
conjunctions, and what the difference is between a complex and a compound
sentence. Drawing that instruction out of engaging reading material, instead of
worksheets, makes the learning more meaningful and connected for students. But
instruction can be even more powerful (and ultimately stickier), if it rises
naturally from examples of a student’s own writing and a teacher’s gentle but
insistent prodding to manipulate, expand on, and experiment with those
sentences. How could you make this sentence shorter without losing the main
idea? How could you change this sentence from positive to more ambivalent? What
would you have to do to add three more descriptive words? How could you connect
these two ideas? If I didn’t let you use the word, “very,” what would you use
instead? What would make this sentence more powerful? What would make this
sentence more beautiful? What makes a sentence beautiful, anyway?
All these questions give students opportunities to tinker
with the text they have created, to learn how plastic and malleable written
language can be, how many different shades of meaning a sentence can take on.
And every tinkering can provide an opportunity for the teacher to pause and
explain what rule or concept the new sentence or a new word might be an example
of.
You might even—dare I say it—bring back a little, old
fashioned sentence diagramming to show students the underlying structure of
their own, simple sentences, and how that structure changes as the sentence
becomes more complex. When it’s applied to their own writing, students can find
diagramming fascinating—especially students for whom English is not their first
language, and who think the rules of this new language are arbitrary and insane
(which, of course, they can be).
Grammar isn’t a thing that we have to learn because it’s on a pacing plan or a state standard. It’s not a thing at all, really. Grammar is the way our language works—it’s the skeletal and muscular system that holds the body of written thought together and lets it move. If you pick up grammar by reading great works of literature, and by repeatedly tinkering and playing with sentences of your own, you can learn not only how make writing move—you can learn how to make it dance.
